From Street Form to Spatial Justice: Explaining Urban Exercise Inequality via a Triadic SHAP-Informed Framework
This research addresses spatial justice and urban health equity by providing actionable insights for targeted interventions to reduce exercise inequality in cities.
The study tackled urban exercise inequality by developing a framework to quantify street-level exercise deprivation using multi-source spatial data and explainable machine learning, revealing significant differences in deprivation modes across urban contexts and demonstrating that targeted improvements could increase exercise supportiveness by up to 14%.
Urban streets are essential public spaces that facilitate everyday physical activity and promote health equity. Drawing on Henri Lefebvre's spatial triad, this study proposes a conceptual and methodological framework to quantify street-level exercise deprivation through the dimensions of conceived (planning and structure), perceived (visual and sensory), and lived (practice and experiential) urban spaces. We integrate multi-source spatial data-including street networks, street-view imagery, and social media-using explainable machine learning (SHAP analysis) to classify streets by their dominant deprivation modes, forming a novel typology of spatial inequity. Results highlight significant differences across urban contexts: older city cores predominantly experience infrastructural constraints (conceived space), whereas new development areas suffer from experiential disengagement (lived space). Furthermore, by identifying spatial mismatches between population distribution and exercise intensity, our study reveals localized clusters of latent deprivation. Simulation experiments demonstrate that targeted improvements across spatial dimensions can yield up to 14% increases in exercise supportiveness. This research not only operationalizes Lefebvre's spatial theory at the street scale but also provides actionable insights and intervention guidelines, contributing to the broader goals of spatial justice and urban health equity.