Domain-randomized deep learning for neuroimage analysis
This addresses the challenge of model generalization in neuroimaging and other domains for researchers and clinicians, but as a tutorial review, it is incremental in summarizing existing methods.
The paper tackles the problem of limited robustness and generalizability in deep learning for neuroimage analysis due to narrow training datasets, by reviewing a domain-randomization strategy that uses synthetic images with randomized intensities and anatomical content to enable accurate processing of unseen image types without retraining, demonstrating effectiveness across multiple imaging modalities.
Deep learning has revolutionized neuroimage analysis by delivering unprecedented speed and accuracy. However, the narrow scope of many training datasets constrains model robustness and generalizability. This challenge is particularly acute in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), where image appearance varies widely across pulse sequences and scanner hardware. A recent domain-randomization strategy addresses the generalization problem by training deep neural networks on synthetic images with randomized intensities and anatomical content. By generating diverse data from anatomical segmentation maps, the approach enables models to accurately process image types unseen during training, without retraining or fine-tuning. It has demonstrated effectiveness across modalities including MRI, computed tomography, positron emission tomography, and optical coherence tomography, as well as beyond neuroimaging in ultrasound, electron and fluorescence microscopy, and X-ray microtomography. This tutorial paper reviews the principles, implementation, and potential of the synthesis-driven training paradigm. It highlights key benefits, such as improved generalization and resistance to overfitting, while discussing trade-offs such as increased computational demands. Finally, the article explores practical considerations for adopting the technique, aiming to accelerate the development of generalizable tools that make deep learning more accessible to domain experts without extensive computational resources or machine learning knowledge.