DroneKey: Drone 3D Pose Estimation in Image Sequences using Gated Key-representation and Pose-adaptive Learning
This work addresses the need for accurate anti-drone systems by improving drone pose estimation, though it is incremental as it builds on existing keypoint detection and pose estimation methods with specific adaptations for drones.
The paper tackled the problem of 3D pose estimation for drones in image sequences, which is challenging due to the difficulty in detecting drone propellers as keypoints, and achieved high accuracy with metrics such as 99.68% AP in keypoint detection and an MAE-angle of 10.62° in 3D pose estimation.
Estimating the 3D pose of a drone is important for anti-drone systems, but existing methods struggle with the unique challenges of drone keypoint detection. Drone propellers serve as keypoints but are difficult to detect due to their high visual similarity and diversity of poses. To address these challenges, we propose DroneKey, a framework that combines a 2D keypoint detector and a 3D pose estimator specifically designed for drones. In the keypoint detection stage, we extract two key-representations (intermediate and compact) from each transformer encoder layer and optimally combine them using a gated sum. We also introduce a pose-adaptive Mahalanobis distance in the loss function to ensure stable keypoint predictions across extreme poses. We built new datasets of drone 2D keypoints and 3D pose to train and evaluate our method, which have been publicly released. Experiments show that our method achieves an AP of 99.68% (OKS) in keypoint detection, outperforming existing methods. Ablation studies confirm that the pose-adaptive Mahalanobis loss function improves keypoint prediction stability and accuracy. Additionally, improvements in the encoder design enable real-time processing at 44 FPS. For 3D pose estimation, our method achieved an MAE-angle of 10.62°, an RMSE of 0.221m, and an MAE-absolute of 0.076m, demonstrating high accuracy and reliability. The code and dataset are available at https://github.com/kkanuseobin/DroneKey.