Maritime Activities Observed Through Open-Access Positioning Data: Moving and Stationary Vessels in the Baltic Sea
This provides a cost-effective method for navigation safety, environmental assessment, and commercial operations in maritime domains, but it is incremental as it applies existing methods to new data.
The study tackled the problem of reconstructing maritime activity patterns from open-access Automatic Identification System (AIS) data in the Baltic Sea, achieving high accuracy with vessel counts of over 4000 operating simultaneously and more than 300 vessels entering or leaving daily, agreeing within 20% with proprietary data.
Understanding past and present maritime activity patterns is critical for navigation safety, environmental assessment, and commercial operations. An increasing number of services now openly provide positioning data from the Automatic Identification System (AIS) via ground-based receivers. We show that coastal vessel activity can be reconstructed from open access data with high accuracy, even with limited data quality and incomplete receiver coverage. For three months of open AIS data in the Baltic Sea from August to October 2024, we present (i) cleansing and reconstruction methods to improve the data quality, and (ii) a journey model that converts AIS message data into vessel counts, traffic estimates, and spatially resolved vessel density at a resolution of $\sim$400 m. Vessel counts are provided, along with their uncertainties, for both moving and stationary activity. Vessel density maps also enable the identification of port locations, and we infer the most crowded and busiest coastal areas in the Baltic Sea. We find that on average, $\gtrsim$4000 vessels simultaneously operate in the Baltic Sea, and more than 300 vessels enter or leave the area each day. Our results agree within 20\% with previous studies relying on proprietary data.