Active Learning of Fractional-Order Viscoelastic Model Parameters for Realistic Haptic Rendering
For developers of medical simulators, this provides a systematic method to optimize haptic realism, though the approach is domain-specific and incremental.
This paper addresses the challenge of determining fractional-order viscoelastic model parameters for realistic haptic rendering in medical simulators. Using human-in-the-loop active learning and aggregation, they achieved high realism ratings across populations, demonstrated with three materials.
Effective medical simulators necessitate realistic haptic rendering of biological tissues that exhibit viscoelastic material properties, such as creep and stress relaxation. Fractional-order models provide an effective means of describing intrinsically time-dependent viscoelastic dynamics with few parameters, as they naturally capture memory effects. However, due to the unintuitive, frequency-dependent coupling among the order of the fractional element and other parameters, determining appropriate parameter values for fractional-order models that yield high perceived realism remains a significant challenge. In this study, we propose a systematic means of determining the parameters of fractional-order viscoelastic models that optimizes the perceived realism of haptic rendering across general populations. First, we demonstrate that the parameters of fractional-order models can be effectively optimized through active learning, using qualitative feedback-based human-in-the-loop (HiL) optimization, to ensure consistently high realism ratings for each individual. Second, we propose a rigorous method to combine HiL optimization results into an aggregate perceptual map trained on the entire dataset, and demonstrate how to select population-level optimal parameters from this representation that are broadly perceived as realistic across general populations. Finally, we provide evidence of the effectiveness of the generalized fractional-order viscoelastic model parameters for three viscoelastic materials by characterizing their perceived realism through human-subject experiments. Overall, generalized fractional-order viscoelastic models established through the proposed HiL optimization and aggregation approach possess the potential to significantly improve the sim-to-real transition performance of medical training simulators.