Distributed Acoustic Sensing for Urban Traffic Monitoring: Spatio-Temporal Attention in Recurrent Neural Networks
This work addresses urban traffic monitoring for city planners and engineers, but it is incremental as it builds on existing RNN and attention methods for a specific domain application.
The study tackled the challenge of modeling high-resolution spatio-temporal data from Distributed Acoustic Sensing (DAS) for urban traffic monitoring by integrating spatial and temporal attention mechanisms into recurrent neural networks, resulting in improved accuracy and model complexity balance and demonstrating spatial transferability with moderate performance degradation.
Effective urban traffic monitoring is essential for improving mobility, enhancing safety, and supporting sustainable cities. Distributed Acoustic Sensing (DAS) enables large-scale traffic observation by transforming existing fiber-optic infrastructure into dense arrays of vibration sensors. However, modeling the high-resolution spatio-temporal structure of DAS data for reliable traffic event recognition remains challenging. This study presents a real-world DAS-based traffic monitoring experiment conducted in Granada, Spain, where vehicles cross a fiber deployed perpendicular to the roadway. Recurrent neural networks (RNNs) are employed to model intra- and inter-event temporal dependencies. Spatial and temporal attention mechanisms are systematically integrated within the RNN architecture to analyze their impact on recognition performance, parameter efficiency, and interpretability. Results show that an appropriate and complementary placement of attention modules improves the balance between accuracy and model complexity. Attention heatmaps provide physically meaningful interpretations of classification decisions by highlighting informative spatial locations and temporal segments. Furthermore, the proposed SA-bi-TA configuration demonstrates spatial transferability, successfully recognizing traffic events at sensing locations different from those used during training, with only moderate performance degradation. These findings support the development of scalable and interpretable DAS-based traffic monitoring systems capable of operating under heterogeneous urban sensing conditions.