What Are You Really Asking For? A Comparative 5W1H Analysis of Learner Questioning in CPR Training with IVAs in Screen-based and Augmented Reality Environments
This work addresses the problem of optimizing IVA design for enhanced cognitive engagement in medical training, though it is incremental as it builds on existing frameworks and media comparisons.
The study tackled how presentation media affect learner questioning with Intelligent Virtual Agents (IVAs) in CPR training, finding that an Augmented Reality-based IVA elicited higher spatial and social presence and more frequent, longer clarification-focused questions compared to a screen-based IVA, which encouraged procedural refinement questions.
Question-asking is one of the key indicators of cognitive engagement. However, understanding how the distinct psychological affordances of presentation media shape learners' spoken inquiries with embodied Intelligent Virtual Agents (IVAs) remains limited. To systematically examine this process, we propose a 5W1H-based framework for analyzing learner questions. Using this framework, we conducted a user study comparing an Augmented Reality-based IVA (AR-IVA) deployed in the physical environment with a screen-based IVA (Video-IVA) during cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) instruction. Results showed that the AR-IVA elicited higher spatial and social presence and promoted more frequent and longer questions focused on clarification and understanding. In contrast, the Video-IVA encouraged questions regarding procedural refinement. Presence acted as a selective filter, shaping the timing and topic of questions rather than as a universal mediator. These effects were significantly moderated by learners' motivational and strategic characteristics toward learning. Based on these findings, we propose design implications for IVA-supported learning systems.