Splitting-strategies for arbitrary-order fully mixed finite element discretizations of the Biot equations
This work addresses the challenge of simulating coupled flow and deformation in porous media, offering incremental improvements in numerical methods for geomechanics applications.
The paper tackles the Biot equations by developing a fully mixed finite element method with weak symmetry enforcement, establishing stability and optimal error estimates for arbitrary-order discretizations, and proving convergence of iterative splitting strategies with rates dependent on coupling strength, supported by numerical results.
We study the fully mixed formulation of the Biot equations, which is characterized by a symmetric coupling between flow and deformation. This structure enables the use of stable mixed finite elements for each subproblem without a strong compatibility condition across the two subphysics. To exploit this flexibility while preserving the conservation structure of both subproblems, we consider fully mixed finite element methods in which the symmetry of the elastic stress tensor is enforced weakly. The resulting mixed formulation exhibits a saddle-point structure whose stability is determined by suitable inf--sup conditions. Inf--sup stability is established for several families of discrete spaces of arbitrary order, leading to optimal a priori error estimates. Iterative splitting strategies following the classical fixed-stress split with additional tuning are specifically investigated for the fully mixed formulation, with proof of convergence and rates depending on the coupling strength. Contrary to previous analyses on coupled problems with a symmetric structure, we theoretically prove the efficacy of negative stabilization, consistent with Schur-complement ideas. Numerical results based on analytical solutions and the classical Mandel problem support the theory.