Dynamic Modeling of Data-Center Power Delivery for Power System Resonance Analysis
This addresses power system stability issues for grid operators and data center designers, but is incremental as it builds on existing modeling approaches.
The paper tackled the problem of data centers causing oscillatory behavior in power grids due to their power-electronic interfaces, and derived an explicit dynamic model that integrates with power-system models to analyze resonance mechanisms, demonstrating effectiveness in test cases.
The rapid proliferation of data centers is reshaping modern power system dynamics. Unlike legacy industrial loads, data centers have power-electronic interfaces whose multi-timescale dynamics can interact strongly with the grid, inducing oscillatory behavior. However, analytical models that are grid-integratable for revealing the underlying resonance mechanisms remain largely unexplored. To fill this research gap, this paper derives an explicit, component-informed dynamic model of data-center power-delivery chains, which preserves component-level fidelity and captures inter-stage control interactions. This model is formulated as a time-invariant representation in the positive-sequence domain, enabling seamless integration with the phasor (or RMS) domain power-system dynamic models. The analytical derivation reveals how realistic server-load fluctuations at specific frequencies can excite coupled control modes, thereby inducing oscillation amplification and propagation in power grids with heterogeneous dynamic resources, including synchronous machines and grid-forming/following inverters. Case studies on test systems with some realistic data center data demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed solutions.