Roadside LiDAR for Cooperative Safety Auditing at Urban Intersections: Toward Auditable V2X Infrastructure Intelligence
For transportation agencies, this work provides a scalable, data-driven safety auditing mechanism for urban intersections, enabling identification of high-risk interactions beyond crash-based analyses.
The paper presents a roadside LiDAR framework for infrastructure-assisted safety analysis at urban intersections, using real-world data from New York City. It demonstrates that direction-agnostic time-to-collision (TTC) drops below 1 second for a heavy vehicle–bicycle interaction, revealing a lateral-intrusion-dominated conflict mechanism, and shows systematic reduction of failure modes through iterative quality assurance.
Urban intersections expose the limitations of single-vehicle perception under occlusion and partial observability. In this study, we present an auditable roadside LiDAR framework for infrastructure-assisted safety analysis at a signalized urban intersection in New York City, developed and evaluated using real-world data. The proposed framework integrates trajectory construction, iterative human-in-the-loop quality assurance (QA), and interpretable near-miss analytics to produce defensible safety evidence from infrastructure sensing. Using a human-labeled heavy vehicle--bicycle interaction as an anchor case, we show that direction-agnostic time-to-collision (TTC) drops below 1s, while longitudinal TTC remains above conservative braking thresholds, revealing a lateral-intrusion-dominated conflict mechanism. Beyond individual cases, continuous-window evaluation and multi-round QA analysis demonstrate that the framework systematically reduces failure modes such as track fragmentation, spurious TTC triggers, unstable geometry, and cross-lane false conflicts. These results position roadside LiDAR as a practical post-hoc auditing mechanism for cooperative perception systems, with broader statistical validation discussed. This work provides a pathway toward scalable, data-driven safety auditing of urban intersections, enabling transportation agencies to identify and mitigate high-risk interactions beyond crash-based analyses.