A Complementary Visualisation Suite for Empirical Performance Analysis: Tempographs, Histograms, Ridgeline Plots, Stacked Bar Charts, and Combination Charts Applied to Beethoven's Piano and Cello Sonatas
For music performance analysts, this work provides a practical toolkit to uncover hidden patterns in tempo data, though the contribution is incremental as it combines existing visualization techniques with a minor methodological tweak.
This paper introduces a suite of five complementary visualizations (tempographs, histograms with spline-smoothed PDFs, ridgeline plots, stacked bar charts, and combination charts) for empirical performance analysis, applied to beats-per-minute data from Beethoven's piano and cello sonatas. The spline-CDF smoothing method is presented as a novel contribution, and the suite reveals features like bimodality and structural parallels that single visualizations miss.
The choice of visualisation in empirical performance analysis is not a neutral presentation decision but an analytical one: different graphical forms reveal different features of the same dataset, and reliance on any single type systematically conceals what the others expose. This paper presents and argues for a suite of five complementary visualisation tools; tempographs, histograms with spline-smoothed probability density functions, ridgeline plots, stacked bar charts, and combination charts. These are applied to bar-level beats-per-minute data from recordings of Beethoven's five piano and cello sonatas (Op.~5 Nos.~1 and~2; Op.~69; Op.~102 Nos.~1 and~2) spanning 1930--2012. Each tool is described formally, its analytical properties characterised, its implementation detailed in working Python and MATLAB code, and its specific contribution demonstrated on a worked example using two recordings of Op.~5 No.~1 (Casals/Horszowski 1930--39 and Isserlis/Levin 2012) separated by eight decades. A five-panel composite figure applies all five tools to the same two recordings simultaneously, making the complementarity argument concrete: the tempograph reveals moment-to-moment structural parallels invisible in aggregate statistics; the spline-smoothed histogram exposes bimodality and secondary peaks suppressed by binning artefacts; the ridgeline plot positions both recordings within the full distributional space; the stacked bar chart shows divergent sectional pacing concealed by identical movement means; and the combination chart integrates mean tempo, variability, and historical reference marks in a single view. The spline-CDF smoothing method, applied to histogram data via cubic spline interpolation with zero-slope boundary conditions, is presented as a novel contribution to the performance analysis toolkit. Full implementation code is publicly available.