M$^3$-VQA: A Benchmark for Multimodal, Multi-Entity, Multi-Hop Visual Question Answering
Provides a more challenging evaluation benchmark for advancing multimodal reasoning in MLLMs, addressing the gap in fine-grained entity understanding and complex multi-hop reasoning.
M³-VQA introduces a new benchmark for multimodal, multi-entity, multi-hop visual question answering, revealing that current MLLMs struggle significantly without external knowledge but improve markedly with precise evidence, and that reasoning-aware retrieval outperforms heuristic methods.
We present M$^3$-VQA, a novel knowledge-based Visual Question Answering (VQA) benchmark, to enhance the evaluation of multimodal large language models (MLLMs) in fine-grained multimodal entity understanding and complex multi-hop reasoning. Unlike existing VQA datasets that focus on coarse-grained categories and simple reasoning over single entities, M$^3$-VQA introduces diverse multi-entity questions involving multiple distinct entities from both visual and textual sources. It requires models to perform both sequential and parallel multi-hop reasoning across multiple documents, supported by traceable, detailed evidence and a curated multimodal knowledge base. We evaluate 16 leading MLLMs under three settings: without external knowledge, with gold evidence, and with retrieval-augmented input. The poor results reveal significant challenges for MLLMs in knowledge acquisition and reasoning. Models perform poorly without external information but improve markedly when provided with precise evidence. Furthermore, reasoning-aware agentic retrieval surpasses heuristic methods, highlighting the importance of structured reasoning for complex multimodal understanding. M$^3$-VQA presents a more challenging evaluation for advancing the multimodal reasoning capabilities of MLLMs. Our code and dataset are available at https://github.com/CASIA-IVA-Lab/M3VQA.