The Case for ESM3 as a General-Purpose AI Model with Systemic Risk Under the EU AI Act
For policymakers and AI developers, this paper highlights a regulatory gap in the EU AI Act regarding frontier biological models with dual-use risks.
This paper examines whether the biological foundation model ESM3 falls under the EU AI Act's obligations for general-purpose AI with systemic risk, concluding it currently does not, and proposes remedies to address this gap.
Due to ambiguity in the wording of the EU AI Act, we examine the question of to what extent frontier biological foundation models such as ESM3 are subject to obligations for general-purpose AI models with systemic risk under the EU AI Act. In this paper, we map ESM3 to the biorisk chain, and conclude that it would be desirable if the providers of ESM3 and similar biological models were subject to these obligations, which would require them to assess and mitigate dual-use risks from their models. We then perform an analysis, comparing the attributes of ESM3 to the classification criteria in the AI Act and the supporting material. We conclude that at this time, ESM3 does not appear to be meaningfully regulated by the Act. We then propose remedies to correct the situation.