Computational foundations of the human world
It proposes a new interdisciplinary research direction at the intersection of computer science and social science, but is a perspective paper without concrete results.
This perspective argues that computational frameworks from theoretical computer science can be applied to study human social organization, highlighting phenomena like distributed consensus, societal scaling, hierarchical structure, and externalized memory, and suggesting that concepts beyond Turing Machines and worst-case complexity may provide new insights.
Human societies continuously transform scattered information into collective judgments and coordinated action, whether through markets discovering prices, governments allocating resources, communities enforcing norms, or science converging on reliable claims. Importantly, the computational difficulty of collective decision-making, particularly the time and communication required to reach solutions, imposes fundamental constraints on social organization. While theoretical computer science offers formal tools for analyzing such problems, for instance, by analyzing resource requirements, including time and memory, surprisingly, there is no domain of social science that focuses on the nature of computation in the human world. This perspective argues that we now have the opportunity to deploy these computational frameworks to study human social organization, opening research directions at the intersection of computer science and social science. We highlight core social phenomena that can be framed as computational, including (i) distributed consensus and coordinated action, (ii) societal restructuring with scale, (iii) hierarchical and modular structure, and (iv) externalized memory systems. We identify several concepts from theoretical computer science that may provide insight into these phenomena, especially emphasizing more recently developed approaches beyond the paradigm of Turing~Machines and worst-case computational complexity.