Beyond Rules: LLM-Powered Linting for Quantum Programs
For quantum software engineers, this work provides a more effective and adaptive linting method that outperforms existing rule-based tools, though the evaluation is on a small corpus of 55 programs.
The authors tackled the inadequacy of rule-based linters for quantum programs and introduced LLM-based approaches (LintQ-LLM+CoT and LintQ-LLM+RAG), achieving F1-scores of 0.70 and 0.68 respectively, compared to 0.41 for the rule-based tool LintQ.
As quantum computing transitions from theoretical experimentation to its practical application, the reliability of quantum software has become a critical bottleneck. Traditional static analysis techniques for quantum programs, primarily rule-based linters, are increasingly inadequate; they struggle to keep pace with rapidly evolving APIs and fail to capture complex, context-dependent quantum programming problems. This results in high maintenance overhead and limited detection capabilities. In this paper, we introduce LintQ-LLM+CoT and LintQ-LLM+RAG, novel approaches that redefine the detection of quantum programming problems by employing Large Language Models (LLMs) specialized, respectively, via Chain-of-Thought (CoT) prompting and a Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) system that grounds the model's reasoning in a curated knowledge base of verified quantum programming problems and best practices. We conducted a rigorous and manual comparative evaluation against the state-of-the-art rule-based tool, LintQ, using a corpus of 55 Qiskit programs. Our results show that LLM-based approaches, with and without RAG, outperform LintQ in terms of quantum programming problems detection correctness (precision) and completeness (recall). Overall, LLM-based approaches were more effective than LintQ (F1-score equal to 0.70 and 0.68 vs. 0.41). Furthermore, the RAG-enhanced variant demonstrated a slightly superior precision, effectively reducing false positives. Our findings suggest that LLMs provide a scalable and adaptive foundation for the next generation of linters in quantum software engineering.