Input-Output Specifications and Dynamic Droop Coefficients: Stability and Performance Conditions for Grid-Forming IBRs
For power system operators and IBR manufacturers, this work provides a practical, data-driven method to certify grid-forming behavior and ensure frequency stability, addressing a key challenge in integrating renewable energy sources.
This paper develops dynamic stability and performance conditions for grid-forming inverter-based resources (IBRs) by extending steady-state droop coefficients to dynamic ones, which can be derived from input-output data without internal knowledge. The conditions are scalable, verifiable at the unit level, and provide practical bounds on Bode plots for two IBR response types, offering insights into certifying IBRs as grid-forming.
This paper proposes dynamic stability and performance conditions for grid-connected inverter-based resources (IBRs). To this end, we extend the notion of steady-state droop coefficients to dynamic droop coefficients to capture the small-signal dynamics of IBRs and synchronous generators (SGs). Notably, the dynamic droop coefficients can be obtained from input-output data collected at the unit's (e.g., IBR or SG) point of interconnection without requiring prior knowledge of IBR internals or controls structure. To obtain frequency stability conditions, this IBR model is combined with a lightweight dynamic transmission network model that accounts for uncertainty of line dynamics. The resulting stability conditions are highly scalable and, given a few key network parameters, can be verified at the unit level. To make the conditions practical and offer intuitive and illustrative interpretations, we map the frequency stability conditions to bounds on the Bode plot of the dynamic droop coefficient for two broad types of IBR responses. Moreover, our specifications on the dynamic droop coefficient (i) translate basic frequency control ancillary services into verifiable requirements, and (ii) provide insights into the much-debated question of how to certify an IBR as grid-forming (GFM). The results are illustrated using dynamic droop coefficients obtained using detailed simulations of GFM and GFL IBRs as well as SGs.