Smart Railway Obstruction Detection System using IoT and Computer Vision
For Indian Railways, NETRA provides an affordable, real-time intrusion detection system that addresses both wildlife and malicious obstructions, outperforming costly alternatives with high false alarm rates.
NETRA is a low-cost IoT and edge-AI system for detecting railway track intrusions, achieving 95% detection accuracy with zero false alarms, 2.4-second alert latency, and 75% cost reduction compared to existing solutions.
Railway track intrusions pose a critical safety challenge for Indian Railways, encompassing wildlife incursions and deliberate malicious obstructions. The December 2025 collision in Assam, in which seven elephants were killed by the Rajdhani Express, underscores the urgency of effective real-time detection. Existing solutions such as the optical fiber-based Gajraj system suffer from prohibitive costs (\$1000/km) and high false alarm rates, limiting deployment to only 20 of India's 101 elephant corridors. This paper proposes NETRA, a cost-effective, internet-independent intrusion detection system deployed on Raspberry Pi Zero W and Raspberry Pi 4 edge platforms. NETRA employs probabilistic sensor fusion integrating a PIR motion sensor and an HC-SR04 ultrasonic distance sensor with a tunable threshold (tau_c = 0.65), enabling event-driven camera activation that reduces unnecessary visual processing by 52%. Upon confirmed intrusion, edge-AI classification using MobileNet-SSD (Pi Zero) or YOLOv5 ONNX (Pi 4) identifies threats including humans, large animals, and track obstructions. Confirmed threats are transmitted via LoRa (868 MHz) to alert the locomotive driver within 2.4 seconds end-to-end. Experimental evaluation across 113 motion events demonstrated 95% detection accuracy with zero false alarms through probabilistic fusion, compared to 85% for binary methods. Raspberry Pi 4 with YOLOv5 achieved 83.5% elephant F1-score, a 5.6x improvement over Pi Zero's heuristic approach (14.8%). LoRa communication achieved 100% packet delivery across 1-2 km in field trials. NETRA reduces deployment cost by 75% (\$247/km vs \$1000/km for Gajraj) while providing unified detection of both wildlife and obstruction threats.