A Deep Risk Estimator for Known Operator Learning
Provides a theoretical framework for sample complexity in operator-aware deep learning, enabling prediction of training data requirements for target error.
The paper derives a deep risk estimator for networks with mixed learned and known operators, decomposing risk into a sum over learned layers. It shows the bound shrinks when known operators replace learned ones, and validates the scaling law on CT reconstruction, achieving test MSE prediction within a factor of two.
We describe an approach for estimating the statistical risk of deep networks that contain a mix of learned and known operators. Building on the maximal training error bounds previously established for known operator learning, we derive a deep risk estimator that connects the expected error of a layered network to the size of the training sample. The estimator decomposes the total risk into a sum over learned layers; every known operator contributes zero to this sum, while every learned layer adds an approximation term inspired by Barron's classic work and an estimation term that decreases with the number of training samples. We are able to show that the bound shrinks whenever a learned layer is replaced by a known operator and that the corresponding sample requirement scales with the number of trainable parameters of the layer that is replaced. As an application, we use computed tomography as an example and compare an operator-aware filtered backprojection network with a fully connected substitute that collapses the entire reconstruction pipeline into a single learned dense matrix. The predicted parameter ratio coincides with the structural sparsity that the analytic decomposition into a circulant filter and a sparse backprojection exposes. We confirm the predicted scaling on CPU at small image scale and on GPU at medium image scale, all on the same scaling law. Beyond CT reconstruction, the estimator applies to physics-informed neural networks that hardcode a known physical operation in its architecture, and we expect the result to be of interest for a broad community working on operator-aware deep learning. Calibrating the per-layer constants on each sweep yields a bound that tracks the empirical test MSE within a factor of two at every training-set size, so the estimator can be inverted to predict how many training samples are required to reach a target error.