Conservative AI for Safety-Sensitive Medical Image Restoration: Residual-Bounded CT-CTA Enhancement for Intracranial Aneurysm-Relevant Signal Recovery
For radiologists interpreting intracranial CT/CTA scans, this method provides a safety-conscious image restoration approach that preserves clinically important signals near high-contrast boundaries, though it is preliminary and not yet clinically validated.
The paper introduces a residual-bounded 2.5D restoration framework for CT-CTA enhancement that limits the magnitude and spatial extent of modifications to ensure conservative AI behavior. On 50 out-of-distribution cases, it achieved a mean target gain of 0.0635, PSNR of 37.51 dB, and an iatrogenic-edit rate of 4.0%, with 85.4% of Monte Carlo runs being net positive.
Image restoration models are increasingly applied to degraded medical scans, but in safety-sensitive settings they must improve image quality without uncontrolled modification of clinically important regions. This is especially relevant for intracranial CT and CT angiography (CTA), where small vessels and aneurysm-relevant cues lie near high-contrast anatomical boundaries. We frame medical image restoration as a conservative AI problem and present a residual-bounded 2.5D restoration framework trained on synthetically degraded CT/CTA inputs. The model adds a learned residual to the original center slice through an edit-control map that limits the magnitude and spatial extent of modification. We evaluate the framework using an aneurysm-relevant image-recovery matrix, paired comparison against a Gaussian baseline, Monte Carlo stability testing, anatomical localization of meaningful edits, and external evaluation on low-dose CT. On 50 out-of-distribution CT-CTA cases, the bounded model achieved a mean target gain of 0.0635, a mean PSNR of 37.51 dB, and an iatrogenic-edit rate of 4.0%. Across 1,000 Monte Carlo runs, it remained net positive in 85.4% of runs with no stably negative cases. On external low-dose CT, the model was directionally beneficial and produced a substantially smaller modification footprint than the baseline. Meaningful edits concentrated in brain and skull regions while unrelated anatomy showed negligible change. These findings provide preliminary computational evidence that residual-bounded restoration is feasible in boundary-sensitive vascular imaging, but they do not establish clinical diagnostic performance and require expert review and prospective validation before clinical use.