Trends in AI and Human-AI Interaction in Clinical Trials -- A Hybrid Human-AI Exploration
For researchers and regulators tracking AI in clinical trials, this provides descriptive trends and a preliminary evaluation of hybrid screening, though the approach is exploratory and results are incremental.
This paper analyzes AI-related clinical trials from ClinicalTrials.gov, finding a marked increase over time with growth in ML, deep learning, chatbots, and LLMs. China and the US lead geographically, with recent increases in other countries. A hybrid human-AI screening approach showed good agreement for non-AI studies but lower agreement for human-AI interaction classification.
This paper examines records retrieved from the ClinicalTrials.gov registry to characterize temporal trends in AI terminology and the geographical distribution of AI trials. The work also reports on an exploratory hybrid human-AI approach to analyzing human-AI interaction trends in registered clinical trials. The hybrid workflow comprised a frontier generative AI model (GPT-5.5) and human review to screen and categorize records returned by an AI-focused search. The findings indicate a marked increase in AI-related trials over time, with recent growth in references to machine learning, deep learning, chatbots, GPTs, and large language models. Geographically, China and the United States accounted for the largest numbers of AI-related trials, with notable recent increases in several other countries including Italy, France, Spain, the UK and Turkey (Türkiye). In a random sample of 100 records, human and AI classifiers showed good agreement in identifying studies not substantively using AI, but lower agreement in classifying human-AI interaction, particularly where health professional interaction was ambiguous or insufficiently described. Overall, the results suggest that hybrid human-AI screening of clinical trial records is potentially viable, but clearer trial reporting and more precise interaction definitions will benefit the process.