CRB-Optimal Arrays and Waveforms in Active Sensing: Role of Redundancy and Spatial Covariance of Array Geometry
This work provides new guidelines and insights for optimal array and waveform design in active sensing multiple-input multiple-output systems, particularly for engineers and researchers designing such systems.
This paper characterizes the performance limits of optimal array designs using orthogonal and coherent waveforms for linear and planar arrays, showing that CRB-optimal geometries are inherently redundant and that unequal sensor allocation (favoring the receiver) is optimal. It also provides a new general condition for planar arrays regarding spatial covariances for optimal waveforms.
This paper characterizes the performance limits of optimal array designs using orthogonal and coherent waveforms for both linear and planar arrays. For orthogonal waveforms, we show that the single-target Cramér-Rao Bound (CRB) depends on the sum of the so-called spatial variances of the transmit (Tx) and receive (Rx) arrays, or equivalently, the spatial variance of the sum co-array weighted by the multiplicities of the virtual sensors. This reveals that CRB-optimal geometries are inherently redundant, highlighting a fundamental trade-off between mean squared error (MSE) and identifiability in parameter estimation. Moreover, we derive optimal Tx-Rx sensor allocations given a total sensor budget and show that unequal allocation (favoring the Rx) is optimal even for nonredundant arrays, questioning conventional designs. We extend our results to planar arrays, providing a new general condition that the spatial covariances of the Tx and Rx arrays should satisfy for the optimal waveforms to direct power in the target direction. Additionally, we establish a connection between Diophantine equations and array geometries with equal CRB, along with a constructive method for designing such arrays. Our work provides new guidelines for and insights into optimal array and waveform design with relevance in emerging active sensing multiple-input multiple-output systems.