Event-Based Vision in Space: Applications, Trends, and Future Directions
For researchers and engineers in remote sensing and space exploration, this paper organizes fragmented literature and identifies trends, but is a review without novel experimental results.
This survey reviews event-based vision for space applications, proposing a taxonomy across four domains (atmospheric observation, environmental monitoring, operational support, geospatial modeling) and arguing that neuromorphic sensors address key bottlenecks in remote sensing and space exploration.
Earth Observation (EO) is undergoing a significant transformation driven by the deployment of novel sensing technologies. Traditional frame-based optical sensors often struggle with motion blur, high power consumption, and extreme data redundancy in challenging orbital environments. In contrast, event-based sensors, also known as neuromorphic cameras, offer a bio-inspired asynchronous approach. By capturing only local illumination changes, they provide microsecond temporal resolution, an extremely high dynamic range, and exceptional energy efficiency. Although the use of these sensors is rapidly expanding from terrestrial systems to orbital platforms, the scientific literature surrounding their space-based applications remains heavily fragmented. To bridge this gap, this article presents a comprehensive review of the state-of-the-art in event-based vision in the space domain. Based on the retrieved literature, we introduce a taxonomy structured around four primary domains: 1) atmospheric and high-speed observation; 2) environmental monitoring and change detection; 3) operational support and onboard processing; and 4) geospatial modeling and predictive analysis. As a result, this survey highlights that neuromorphic engineering is far more than a supplementary imaging technique; it is a paradigm shift that can be used to directly address critical bottlenecks in modern remote sensing and sustainable space exploration.