Physics-governed executable modelling of triboelectric nanogenerators
This provides a unified, reproducible simulation infrastructure for researchers working on triboelectric nanogenerators, addressing the fragmentation of existing modelling tools.
The authors unify fragmented TENG modelling approaches into a charge-defined framework, implemented as TENG-CLAW, enabling traceable simulation across analytical and numerical regimes. The platform converts user requests into physically admissible tasks with explicit charge states and boundary conditions.
Predictive modelling of triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) remains fragmented across analytical theories, finite-geometry solvers and disconnected simulation workflows. These disparate approaches must be unified into an executable framework to advance quantitative TENG research.Here we introduce a charge-defined modelling framework and implement it as TENG-CLAW, a physics-governed platform for traceable TENG simulation. The framework establishes a self-consistent electrostatic hierarchy in which triboelectric charges, pre-charging charges and compensating electrode charges serve as defining state variables.This hierarchy connects the infinite plate analytical limit for near-uniform fields with finite-geometry numerical formulations required for edge-dominated devices. Built on this basis, TENG-CLAW converts user-defined research requests into physically admissible simulation tasks, so that generated outputs are tied to explicit charge states, boundary conditions, solver routes and reusable artifacts across spatial, temporal, field-level, comparative and reporting workflows. This work establishes a rigorous computational basis for interpreting TENG mechanisms and provides reproducible research infrastructure for simulation and physics-guided device design.