Cross-Session 3D LiDAR and Camera Fusion for Robust Localization of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles in GPS-Denied Environments
This work addresses the need for accurate UAV localization in GPS-denied environments, offering a practical solution for applications like structural health monitoring.
Cross-Fusion integrates 3D LiDAR and monocular camera data with a cross-session fusion strategy to achieve GPS-comparable localization accuracy for UAVs in GPS-denied environments, performing reliably in feature-sparse settings.
Accurate localization of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) is essential for applications such as structural health monitoring, especially in environments where Global Positioning System (GPS) signals are denied or unreliable, like indoor spaces, tunnels, urban canyons, or areas beneath large structures. To address this challenge, we propose Cross-Fusion, a novel method for real-time UAV localization that integrates data from a 3D Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) and a monocular camera. A key contribution is its cross-session fusion strategy, which integrates visual and geometric information collected from multiple agents during routine baseline surveys to improve localization consistency and map completeness. The system employs LiDAR-based odometry for motion tracking and image-based feature matching via a single red-green-blue (RGB) camera to correct drift and improve accuracy. Unlike visual-inertial systems, Cross-Fusion maintains a simple sensor setup and avoids the complexity of stereo or global shutter configurations. Experimental results demonstrate that Cross-Fusion achieves localization accuracy comparable to GPS-based methods and performs reliably in challenging feature-sparse environments.