Junzhe Huang

Junzhe Huang, Xiaoxiao Sun, Yan Yang et al.

Using multimodal foundation models to analyze table images is a high-value yet challenging application in consumer and enterprise scenarios. Despite its importance, current evaluations rely largely on structured-text tables or clean rendered images, leaving the visual complexity of in-the-wild table images underexplored. Such images feature varied layouts and diverse domains that demand sophisticated structural perception and numerical reasoning. To bridge this gap, we introduce WildTableBench, the first question-answering benchmark for naturally occurring table images from real-world settings. WildTableBench comprises 402 high-information-density table images collected from online forums and websites across diverse domains, together with 928 manually annotated and verified questions spanning 17 subtypes across five categories. We evaluate 21 frontier proprietary and open-source multimodal foundation models on this benchmark. Only one model exceeds 50% accuracy, while all remaining models range from 4.1% to 49.9%. We further conduct diagnostic analyses to characterize model failures and reveal persistent weaknesses in structural perception and reasoning. These results and analyses provide useful insights into current model capabilities and establish WildTableBench as a valuable diagnostic benchmark for table image understanding.

Yan Yang, Dongxu Li, Yutong Dai et al.

Graphical user interface (GUI) agents autonomously complete tasks across platforms (\eg, Linux) by sequentially decomposing user instructions into action proposals that iteratively interact with visual elements in the evolving environment. However, two main challenges arise: i) planning (\ie, the action proposal sequence) under expansive action space, where selecting an appropriate plan is non-trivial, as many valid ones may exist; ii) accurately grounding actions in complex and high-resolution interfaces, \ie, precisely interacting with visual targets. This paper investigates the aforementioned challenges with our \textbf{G}UI \textbf{T}est-time Scaling \textbf{A}gent, namely GTA1. First, we conduct test-time scaling to select the most appropriate action proposal: at each step, multiple candidate proposals are sampled and evaluated and selected by a judge model. It trades off computation for better decision quality by concurrent sampling. Second, we propose a model that improves grounding of the selected action proposals to its corresponding visual elements. Our key insight is that reinforcement learning (RL) facilitates grounding through inherent objective alignments, rewarding successful clicks on interface elements. Experimentally, GTA1 achieves state-of-the-art performance on both grounding and agent task execution benchmarks. The code and models are released here.

Heting Liu, Junzhe Huang, Fang He et al.

Federated Learning (FL) enables edge devices to collaboratively learn a global model, but it may not perform well when clients have high data heterogeneity. In this paper, we propose a dynamic clustering algorithm for personalized federated learning system (DC-PFL) to address the problem of data heterogeneity. DC-PFL starts with all clients training a global model and gradually groups the clients into smaller clusters for model personalization based on their data similarities. To address the challenge of estimating data heterogeneity without exposing raw data, we introduce a discrepancy metric called model discrepancy, which approximates data heterogeneity solely based on the model weights received by the server. We demonstrate that model discrepancy is strongly and positively correlated with data heterogeneity and can serve as a reliable indicator of data heterogeneity. To determine when and how to change grouping structures, we propose an algorithm based on the rapid decrease period of the training loss curve. Moreover, we propose a layer-wise aggregation mechanism that aggregates the low-discrepancy layers at a lower frequency to reduce the amount of transmitted data and communication costs. We conduct extensive experiments on various datasets to evaluate our proposed algorithm, and our results show that DC-PFL significantly reduces total training time and improves model accuracy compared to baselines.