Engineering Inertial and Primary-frequency Response for Distributed Energy Resources
For power system operators, this provides a systematic method to tune DER controls for frequency regulation, but the approach is incremental as it builds on classical second-order system theory.
The paper proposes a framework to design synthetic-inertia and droop-control parameters for distributed energy resources (DERs) to ensure system frequency meets transient and steady-state specifications in networks with DERs and synchronous generators. Simulations validate the approach.
We propose a framework to engineer synthetic-inertia and droop-control parameters for distributed energy resources (DERs) so that the system frequency in a network composed of DERs and synchronous generators conforms to prescribed transient and steady-state performance specifications. Our approach is grounded in a second-order lumped-parameter model that captures the dynamics of synchronous generators and frequency-responsive DERs endowed with inertial and droop control. A key feature of this reduced-order model is that its parameters can be related to those of the originating higher-order dynamical model. This allows one to systematically design the DER inertial and droop-control coefficients leveraging classical frequency-domain response characteristics of second-order systems. Time-domain simulations validate the accuracy of the model-reduction method and demonstrate how DER controllers can be designed to meet steady-state-regulation and transient-performance specifications.