Fallout: Reading Kernel Writes From User Space
This work addresses a critical security vulnerability in modern processors, affecting all tested generations and revealing a regression in newer hardware, which is significant for system security and hardware design.
The authors tackled the problem of hardware-based defenses against transient execution attacks being insufficient by introducing Fallout, a new attack that leaks kernel information from the store buffer, enabling unprivileged user processes to reconstruct privileged data and bypass kernel address space randomization.
Recently, out-of-order execution, an important performance optimization in modern high-end processors, has been revealed to pose a significant security threat, allowing information leaks across security domains. In particular, the Meltdown attack leaks information from the operating system kernel to user space, completely eroding the security of the system. To address this and similar attacks, without incurring the performance costs of software countermeasures, Intel includes hardware-based defenses in its recent Coffee Lake R processors. In this work, we show that the recent hardware defenses are not sufficient. Specifically, we present Fallout, a new transient execution attack that leaks information from a previously unexplored microarchitectural component called the store buffer. We show how unprivileged user processes can exploit Fallout to reconstruct privileged information recently written by the kernel. We further show how Fallout can be used to bypass kernel address space randomization. Finally, we identify and explore microcode assists as a hitherto ignored cause of transient execution. Fallout affects all processor generations we have tested. However, we notice a worrying regression, where the newer Coffee Lake R processors are more vulnerable to Fallout than older generations.