What Makes a Dark Pattern... Dark? Design Attributes, Normative Considerations, and Measurement Methods
This work addresses the problem of inconsistent definitions and subjective criticism in dark patterns research for researchers and policymakers, though it is incremental as it builds on existing descriptive work.
The paper tackles the lack of a conceptual foundation in dark patterns research by reviewing literature and articulating normative perspectives from psychology, economics, ethics, philosophy, and law to analyze their effects, proposing empirical methods for future studies.
There is a rapidly growing literature on dark patterns, user interface designs -- typically related to shopping or privacy -- that researchers deem problematic. Recent work has been predominantly descriptive, documenting and categorizing objectionable user interfaces. These contributions have been invaluable in highlighting specific designs for researchers and policymakers. But the current literature lacks a conceptual foundation: What makes a user interface a dark pattern? Why are certain designs problematic for users or society? We review recent work on dark patterns and demonstrate that the literature does not reflect a singular concern or consistent definition, but rather, a set of thematically related considerations. Drawing from scholarship in psychology, economics, ethics, philosophy, and law, we articulate a set of normative perspectives for analyzing dark patterns and their effects on individuals and society. We then show how future research on dark patterns can go beyond subjective criticism of user interface designs and apply empirical methods grounded in normative perspectives.