BP-Net: Efficient Deep Learning for Continuous Arterial Blood Pressure Estimation using Photoplethysmogram
This provides a non-invasive, efficient solution for monitoring cardiovascular health, though it is incremental as it builds on existing cuffless methods with deep learning.
The paper tackles continuous arterial blood pressure estimation from photoplethysmogram signals by introducing BP-Net, an end-to-end deep learning model that achieves Grade A for DBP and MAP and Grade B for SBP under BHS standards, with MAEs of 5.16 mmHg for SBP and 2.89 mmHg for DBP.
Blood pressure (BP) is one of the most influential bio-markers for cardiovascular diseases and stroke; therefore, it needs to be regularly monitored to diagnose and prevent any advent of medical complications. Current cuffless approaches to continuous BP monitoring, though non-invasive and unobtrusive, involve explicit feature engineering surrounding fingertip Photoplethysmogram (PPG) signals. To circumvent this, we present an end-to-end deep learning solution, BP-Net, that uses PPG waveform to estimate Systolic BP (SBP), Mean Average Pressure (MAP), and Diastolic BP (DBP) through intermediate continuous Arterial BP (ABP) waveform. Under the terms of the British Hypertension Society (BHS) standard, BP-Net achieves Grade A for DBP and MAP estimation and Grade B for SBP estimation. BP-Net also satisfies Advancement of Medical Instrumentation (AAMI) criteria for DBP and MAP estimation and achieves Mean Absolute Error (MAE) of 5.16 mmHg and 2.89 mmHg for SBP and DBP, respectively. Further, we establish the ubiquitous potential of our approach by deploying BP-Net on a Raspberry Pi 4 device and achieve 4.25 ms inference time for our model to translate the PPG waveform to ABP waveform.