MAD-AD: Masked Diffusion for Unsupervised Brain Anomaly Detection
This addresses the challenge of localizing brain injuries and pathologies without labeled data, which is crucial for medical diagnosis but often hindered by data scarcity and structural complexity.
The paper tackles unsupervised anomaly detection in brain MRI scans by proposing a masked diffusion approach that learns normal brain anatomy patterns and identifies anomalies as noisy patches, achieving superior performance over existing methods.
Unsupervised anomaly detection in brain images is crucial for identifying injuries and pathologies without access to labels. However, the accurate localization of anomalies in medical images remains challenging due to the inherent complexity and variability of brain structures and the scarcity of annotated abnormal data. To address this challenge, we propose a novel approach that incorporates masking within diffusion models, leveraging their generative capabilities to learn robust representations of normal brain anatomy. During training, our model processes only normal brain MRI scans and performs a forward diffusion process in the latent space that adds noise to the features of randomly-selected patches. Following a dual objective, the model learns to identify which patches are noisy and recover their original features. This strategy ensures that the model captures intricate patterns of normal brain structures while isolating potential anomalies as noise in the latent space. At inference, the model identifies noisy patches corresponding to anomalies and generates a normal counterpart for these patches by applying a reverse diffusion process. Our method surpasses existing unsupervised anomaly detection techniques, demonstrating superior performance in generating accurate normal counterparts and localizing anomalies. The code is available at hhttps://github.com/farzad-bz/MAD-AD.