Human-Data Interaction, Exploration, and Visualization in the AI Era: Challenges and Opportunities
This is an incremental survey paper addressing challenges in human-data interaction systems for researchers and practitioners in human-AI interaction and visual analytics.
This paper examines how AI advancements create challenges for human-data interaction systems, including issues with latency, scalability, and reliability of AI-generated insights, and outlines research directions for building human-centered AI systems for interactive data analysis.
The rapid advancement of AI is transforming human-centered systems, with profound implications for human-AI interaction, human-data interaction, and visual analytics. In the AI era, data analysis increasingly involves large-scale, heterogeneous, and multimodal data that is predominantly unstructured, as well as foundation models such as LLMs and VLMs, which introduce additional uncertainty into analytical processes. These shifts expose persistent challenges for human-data interactive systems, including perceptually misaligned latency, scalability constraints, limitations of existing interaction and exploration paradigms, and growing uncertainty regarding the reliability and interpretability of AI-generated insights. Responding to these challenges requires moving beyond conventional efficiency and scalability metrics, redefining the roles of humans and machines in analytical workflows, and incorporating cognitive, perceptual, and design principles into every level of the human-data interaction stack. This paper investigates the challenges introduced by recent advances in AI and examines how these developments are reshaping the ways users engage with data, while outlining limitations and open research directions for building human-centered AI systems for interactive data analysis in the AI era.